All the above layers have unique and different characteristics from each other. The soil scientists (also known as pedologists) have identified an exciting way to determine the soil profile model through the capital letters O, A, B, C, and E. These lead us to the various kinds of soil. This will directly lead to water infiltration. For instance, there are some organisms that help in the chemical reactions taking place inside the soil. Organisms: The organisms present in the soil also affect the nature of the soil. This means the soil will be poor in the slopes and rich in the foot of the slope. Therefore, the amount of water present on the slope will be less than the amount of water present on the foot of the slope. For example, water runs faster on the slope. Landscape: The type of region where the soil grows also affects the type of soil. Therefore, with time, one type of soil can change to another. The younger soil shares characteristics with the parent rock but with time, the soil ages and its properties differ from the parent rock. Time: Time plays an important factor in the formation of the soil. Warm temperatures also increase the amount of weathering. More the moisture content, the more the movement of minerals in the soil. The soil that has more moisture will be highly weathered. This is why the sandy soil is in black colour.Ĭlimate: The amount of temperature and precipitation directly affect the rate of weathering of the parent rock. For example, the parent rock of sandy soil is Lava Rock. Since it is the foundational material, it influences the properties of the soil formed. Parent Rock: Parent materials are those which bring forth the layers of soil. The soil formed varies from one another because of the five major factors which are climate, parent rock, landscape, organisms and time. This can be done by several agents such as wind, water or climate. Weathering is a phenomenon in which continuous physical and chemical breakdown of rocks takes place. Soil is formed by the process of Weathering. They have different colours, textures and chemical compositions. When the soil is formed, it gets settled in different vertical layers. These layers of the Earth’s crust help to grow and support plants. It is the most critical layer which comprises various minerals that are organic along with rock particles. The topmost layer of the Earth’s crust is the soil. The soil profile layers can be easily identified by the texture and color of the soil. Therefore, we can say that soil is an inseparable part of our lives. Soil also provides shelter to small living organisms. Soil is also important for agricultural purposes which are further required for food, clothing and shelter. It is the most critical component of the growth of the plant. It is the first layer of Earth, which can be seen with our bare eyes. In this article, we shall deal with the following: The composition of different horizons in soil, from the surface vertically to where the land meets the rocks beneath, is called Soil Profile.
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